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Trace Elements Medicine and Chelation Therapy (RSC Paperbacks)
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About Trace Elements Medicine And Chelation Therapy
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. Trace Element Medicine and Chelation Therapy By David M. Taylor, David R. Williams The Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright © 1995 The Royal Society of Chemistry All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-85404-503-7 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction, 1, Chapter 2 The Elemental Composition of the Human Body, 16, Chapter 3 Metal Ions, Complexes, and Chemical Speciation, 26, Chapter 4 Chelation, Ligands, and Drugs, 42, Chapter 5 Delivery of Trace Elements to Humans, 50, Chapter 6 Agents Containing Metals, 57, Chapter 7 Chelating Agents and Therapy, 77, Chapter 8 Dietary and Environmental Aspects, 98, Chapter 9 The Future, 117, Subject Index, 119, CHAPTER 1 Introduction WHAT IS LIFE? Life is a complex process that as yet defies accurate scientific definition. The eminent biochemist, and Nobel Laureate, Christian de Duve has described life as a system which is able 'to maintain itself in a state far from equilibrium, grow, and multiply, with the help of a continual flux of energy and matter supplied by the environment'. In amplification of this description de Duve defines 'seven pillars of life' which are necessary and sufficient for all forms of life. Thus any living system must have the ability to: 1. Manufacture its own constituents from materials available from its surroundings; 2. Extract energy from its environment and convert it into the different forms of work that need to be performed to stay alive; 3. Catalyse the numerous chemical reactions required to support its activities; 4. Inform its biosynthetic and other processes about how to guarantee accurate reproduction; 5. Insulate itself in such a way that it keeps strict control over its exchanges with its external environment; 6. Regulate its activities in order to preserve its dynamic organization in the light of environmental changes; 7. Multiply itself. Implicit within this statement is the fact that life is dependent on the laws of nature, which are both imperative and inescapable: these laws mean that the development of any living system, or part of any such system, is entirely dependent on the biochemical milieu in which it develops. The statement also contains a paradox in that the definition states that the living system is in a state far from equilibrium, yet 'pillars five and six' demand that the reactions and processes essential for life strive to maintain themselves in a quasi-steady state. The essential components of the biochemical milieu must be supplied from the environment in the form of foodstuffs, gases, and water. The basic unit of life is the cell and the simplest living sytems are single cells that possess all the above capabilities, drawing their building materials from simple chemical substances in their, generally aqueous, environment. More complex life forms, for example, Homo sapiens, are multicellular organisms in which every cell does not possess all of the 'seven pillars of life' and life is possible only because the cells form a society whose health is dependent on the integrated activities of the different cell types within the system. In the human body there are some 1015 such cells. It has been known for many years that healthy human, or animal life, requires the provision of adequate quantities of numerous organic substances (for example, proteins, sugars, fatty acids, and vitamins) and of such inorganic ingredients as calcium and iron. However, the requirement for many other inorganic elements went unrecognized for a long time because they are present in human tissues and in foodstuffs in very low concentrations. Fortunately, the natural content of these trace elements in food, or in soil impurities clinging to some foodstuffs, were generally sufficient to meet human needs so that health-impairing deficiencies occurred only relatively rarely. However, with people living much longer and with the often highly refined foods in our diet, long-continued, marginally sub-optimal intakes of es
