The Diamond Sutra, The Heart Sutra, The Sutra of Hui Neng: Three Key Prajnā Pārāmitā Texts from the Zen Tradition

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About The Diamond Sutra, The Heart Sutra, The Sutra Of

These three sutras are the most important texts for the Chan (Chinese) and Zen (Japanese) Buddhist traditions, though they are very different in character and provenance. The Diamond Sutra (Vajracheddikā Prajña Pārāmitā Sutra in Sanskrit) has the distinction of being 'the earliest complete survival of a dated (11 May 868) printed book'. It was found in the Dunhuang Caves in China in 1900.  The title, Diamond Cutter, outlines its purpose, which is to cut through ignorance to attain to perfect wisdom or ultimate reality. It is a relatively concise Mahāyāna text, using the Six Perfections (generosity, virtue, patience, spiritual vigour or energy, meditation and wisdom) to realise no-self and the emptiness of all phenomena.  Its origin is uncertain - even its date falls into a wide spectrum of somewhere between second and fifth centuries. The sutra is set in the context of a teaching given by the Buddha to the bhikkhu Subhuti who has asked for advice how to attain 'supreme perfect enlightenment'. The translation used for this recording is by Wai-Tao. The Heart Sutra, another Mahāyāna text, is very different. It is short - barely 500 words - and is chanted, recited or read daily by many Buddhist communities across a wide range of traditions throughout the world.  It is placed in a teaching given by the Bodhisattva of Compassion, Avalokiteśvara to the bhikkhu Šariputra. Despite its brevity, it is rich in meaning and reference, covering a number of Buddhist formulations, including the five skandhas (form, feeling, perception, formation and consciousness) and the Four Noble Truths. The core message of the Sutra is 'form is emptiness, emptiness is form' - again the declaration that all phenomena are empty. Its origin (likely before sixth century) and even original language is unknown, scholars differing on whether it was first written in Sanskrit or Chinese.  The Nalanda translation is used here. The Sutra of Hui Neng is the longe